Characterization of sex differences in heart rate and blood pressure variability series
Data on sex differences in various cardiovascular time series characteristics are conflicting. While some studies suggest that heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate asymmetry (HRA), blood pressure variability (BPV) and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) differ between men and women, other studies contradict this. Of the studies reporting gender differences, some have shown that women generally have higher HRV than men, while others have reported the opposite. Even less is known about sex differences in BPV, blood pressure asymmetry (BPA), complexity and microstructure of cardiovascular time series, and baroreflex function. Many studies have analysed limited numbers of people over a wide age range, sometimes with an imbalance between men and women. The studies have been conducted under different conditions, such as at rest or under different physiological challenges, or in specific populations (e.g. athletes). Thus, despite decades of research on HRV, BPV and the baroreflex, sex differences remain unclear.
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